Primitive Cardiac Tube Development

As the primitive heart develops, cells continue to migrate to the arterial outflow tract and the venous inflow tract (Buijtendijk, 2020).  These migrating cells cause the tube to elongate and bulge (Betts, 2013). From day 22 to day 28, "the heart tube increases five‐fold in length due to the continuous addition of newly differentiated cardiomyocytes, rather than by proliferation of the cardiomyocytes of the heart tube" (Buijtendijk, 2020). The ends of the tube are fixed, therefore as it lengthens, it is forced to bulge and twist within the pericardial sac. It is proposed that differing rates of growth along the tube are responsible for looping of the heart.

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References

Betts, J.G., Young, K.A., Wise, J.A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., et al. (2013). 19.5 development of the heart - anatomy and physiology. OpenStax.  Retrieved July 9, 2022, from https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/19-5-development-of-the-heart#fig-ch20_05_01

Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., Matern, P., Morrison-Graham, K., Quick, D., & Runyeon, J. (2019). 19.5 development of the heart. Anatomy Physiology. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/19-5-development-of-the-heart/

Buijtendijk, M., Barnett, P., & van den Hoff, M. (2020). Development of the human heart. American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics, 184(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31778

Moorman, A., Webb, S., Brown, N. A., Lamers, W., & Anderson, R. H. (2003). Development of the heart: (1) formation of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 89(7), 806–814. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.7.806

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https://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/CoreV2/CardiologyPart1/CardiologyPart13.html

http://gmch.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/Development%20of%20HEART%201-ATRIA.pdf

http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/Heart-a.htm