Safety First
Boiano, J. M., Steege, A. L., & Sweeney, M. H. (2014). Adherence to safe handling guidelines by health care workers who administer antineoplastic drugs. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 11(11), 728–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2014.916809
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, April 25). Hazardous drug exposures in health care. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hazdrug/
NIOSH (2016). NIOSH list of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in healthcare settings, 2016. By Connor TH, MacKenzie BA, DeBord DG, Trout DB, O’Callaghan JP. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2016-161 (Supersedes 2014-138)
NIOSH - WORKPLACE SOLUTIONS (2009) Personal Protective Equipment for Health Care Workers Who Work with Hazardous Drugs. Accessed online 1/17/2022. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/wp-solutions/2009-106/pdfs/2009-106.pdf
Hazardous drugs - controlling occupational exposure to hazardous drugs. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). https://www.osha.gov/hazardous-drugs/controlling-occex#spills
Introduction to Cancer Chemotherapy
Gale, R. P. (2023, October 16). Systemic cancer therapy - hematology and oncology. Merck Manuals Professional Edition. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/principles-of-cancer-therapy/systemic-cancer-therapy
General introduction - A Haddow, 1963 - sage journals. (n.d.). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591576305600801
Hochhauser, D., & Tobias, J. (2015). Cancer and its management. John Wiley and Sons.
Miller, D. R. (2006). A tribute to Sidney Farber – the father of modern chemotherapy. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06119.x
Schiff J.A. (2011). Pioneers in chemotherapy. Old Yale | Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/3173-pioneers-in-chemotherapy
Zhang. (n.d.). Chemotherapy. CancerQuest. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://www.cancerquest.org/patients/treatments/chemotherapy
The Cell Cycle
Caudron-Herger, M., Diederichs, S. (2021). Insights from the degradation mechanism of cyclin D into targeted therapy of the cancer cell cycle. Sig Transduct Target Ther 6, 311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00732-y
Cooper GM. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9876/
Dumina, M., Zhgun, A., Pokrovskaya, M., Aleksandrova, S., Zhdanov, D., Sokolov, N., & El'darov, M. (2021). A Novel L-Asparaginase from Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus sibiricus: Heterologous Expression and Characterization for Biotechnology Application. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(18), 9894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189894
Eisenthal, A., Eytan, K., Brazowski, E., Gitstein, G., Greenberg, R., & Skornick, Y. (2009). Effects of 5-fu on DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes induced by IL-2, TGF-β3 and PGE2. Anticancer Research. Retrieved January 27, 2022, from https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/29/10/3925
Ghelli Luserna Di Rorà, A., Ghetti, M., Ledda, L. et al.(2021) Exploring the ATR-CHK1 pathway in the response of doxorubicin-induced DNA damages in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Cell Biol Toxicol (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-021-09640-x
Guo, Y., Gabola, M., Lattanzio, R., Paul, C., Pinet, V., Tang, R., Turali, H., Bremond, J., Longobardi, C., Maurizy, C., Costa, Q. D., Finetti, P., Boissière-Michot, F., Rivière, B., Lemmers, C., Garnier, S., Bertucci, F., Zlobec, I., Chebli, K., … Hahne, M. (2021). Cyclin A2 maintains colon homeostasis and is a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Retrieved January 26, 2022, from https://www.jci.org/articles/view/131517
Krall, A., Xu, S., Graeber, T. et al. (2016). Asparagine promotes cancer cell proliferation through use as an amino acid exchange factor. Nat Commun 7, 11457. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11457
Linn, P., Kohno, S., Sheng, J., Kulathunga, N., Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Voon, D., Watanabe, Y., & Takahashi, C. (2021). Targeting RB1 Loss in Cancers. Cancers, 13(15), 3737. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153737
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Petry S. (2016). Mechanisms of Mitotic Spindle Assembly. Annual review of biochemistry, 85, 659–683. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014528
Silva Cascales H, Burdova K, Middleton A, Kuzin V, Müllers E, Stoy H, Baranello L, Macurek L, Lindqvist A. (2021). Cyclin A2 localises in the cytoplasm at the S/G2 transition to activate PLK1. Life Sci Alliance. 2021 Jan 5;4(3):e202000980. doi: 10.26508/lsa.202000980. PMID: 33402344; PMCID: PMC7812317.
Stamatakos, M., Palla, V., Karaiskos, I. et al. (2010). Cell cyclins: triggering elements of cancer or not?. World J Surg Onc 8, 111 ). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-8-111
Tkacs, Nancy C., et al. (2020). Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology: Essentials for Clinical Practice. Springer Publishing Company.
Xie, D., Pei, Q., Li, J., Wan, X., & Ye, T. (2021). Emerging role of E2F family in cancer stem cells. Frontiers. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.723137
Cytotoxic agents
Aldossary S. A. Review on Pharmacology of Cisplatin: Clinical Use, Toxicity and Mechanism of Resistance of Cisplatin. Biomed Pharmacol J 2019;12(1).
Amjad MT, Chidharla A, Kasi A. Cancer Chemotherapy. [Updated 2021 Nov 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564367/
Arora RD, Menezes RG. Vinca Alkaloid Toxicity. [Updated 2021 Dec 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557842/
Bendamustine. Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06769
Devanabanda B, Kasi A. Oxaliplatin. [Updated 2021 Dec 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557690/
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2123, Altretamine. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Altretamine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2478, Busulfan. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Busulfan.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 426756, Carboplatin. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carboplatin.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2578, Carmustine. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carmustine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2708, Chlorambucil. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorambucil.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4033, Mechlorethamine. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Mechlorethamine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 2907, Cyclophosphamide. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cyclophosphamide.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3690, Ifosfamide. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ifosfamide.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 460612, Melphalan. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Melphalan.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4915, Procarbazine. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Procarbazine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 29327, Streptozocin. Retrieved February 14, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Streptozocin.
Kalaycio M. (2008) Clinical Experience With Bendamustine: A New Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Leukemia. 2(4):223-229 Accessed 1/30/2022 from - https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/584893_2#:~:text=Bendamustine %20displays%20a%20distinct%20pattern,3)%20induction%20of%20mitotic%20catastrophe.
SEER Training Modules, Types of Chemotherapy Drugs. U. S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. 01/30/2022. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/
Temozolomide. Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00853
Venkatesh P, Kasi A. Anthracyclines. [Updated 2021 Mar 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538187/
Hormones and Antagonists
Aminoglutethimide. Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2022, from https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00357
Hormone therapy for breast cancer fact sheet. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/breast-hormone-therapy-fact-sheet
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogues. [Updated 2018 Mar 20]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547863/
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 54900, Raloxifene hydrochloride. Retrieved February 6, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Raloxifene-hydrochloride.
Patel, H. K., & Bihani, T. (2017). Selective estrogen receptor modulators (serms) and selective estrogen receptor degraders (serds) in cancer treatment. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817303108
Prekovic, S., Schuurman, K., Mayayo-Peralta, I. et al. Glucocorticoid receptor triggers a reversible drug-tolerant dormancy state with acquired therapeutic vulnerabilities in lung cancer. Nat Commun 12, 4360 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24537-3
Radin DP, Patel P: Delineating the molecular mechanisms of tamoxifen's oncolytic actions in estrogen receptor-negative cancers. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016 Jun 15;781:173-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.017. Epub 2016 Apr 12.
Rye, C., Avissar, Y., Jurukovski, V., Fowler, S., Wise, R., Roush, R., Choi, J., DeSaix, J., Wise, J., Nakano, M., Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015). 18.2 how hormones work. Concepts of Biology 1st Canadian Edition. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/18-2-how-hormones-work/
SEER Training Modules, Hormonal Therapy. U. S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. 1/31/ 2022. https://training.seer.cancer.go
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (serms). Breastcancer.org. (Modified 3/28/ 2020). Retrieved February 13, 2022, from https://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/hormonal/serms?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI0KHH5oL89QIVKShMCh36eQk-EAMYAiAAEgI0cvD_BwE v/
Shomali, M., Cheng, J., Sun, F., Koundinya, M., Guo, Z., Hebert, A. T., McManus, J., Levit, M. N., Hoffmann, D., Courjaud, A., Arrebola, R., Cao, H., Pollard, J., Lee, J. S., Besret, L., Caron, A., Bangari, D. S., Abecassis, P.-Y., Schio, L., … Bouaboula, M. (2021). Sar439859, a novel selective estrogen receptor Degrader (SERD), demonstrates effective and broad antitumor activity in wild-type and mutant ER-positive breast cancer models. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/20/2/250
Tamoxifen (n.d.) DrugBank.com. accessed 2/6/2022 from https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00675
Biological Therapies
Cancer treatment vaccines - immunotherapy. National Cancer Institute (NCI). (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/cancer-treatment-vaccines
Gonzalez Marcano, E., Kröhle, L., Ahlers, J., Drevs, J. (2020). Pilot study on outcome and antitumor efficacy of an autologous cancer cell vaccine applied in patients with advanced solid tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 38(15_suppl), 3000–3000. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.3000
Immune system modulators for cancer therapy. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/immune-system-modulators
Monoclonal antibodies. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/monoclonal-antibodies
NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/biological-therapy
Using oncolytic viruses to treat cancer (2022). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2018/oncolytic-viruses-to-treat-cancer#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20oncolytic%20virus%20kills%20tumor,the%20approval%20of%20T%2DVEC.
Chemotherapeutic resistance
Al-Lazikani B, Banerji U, Workman P. (2012). Combinatorial drug therapy for cancer in the post-genomic era. Nat Biotechnol. 30(7):679-92. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2284.
Brown R, Curry E, Magnani L, Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, Borley J. (2014. )Poised epigenetic states and acquired drug resistance in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 14(11):747-53. doi: 10.1038/nrc3819.
Glimcher, L. (n.d.). Why do cancer treatments stop working? National Cancer Institute. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/drug-combo-resistance#combining
Hoemberger, M., Pitsawong, W., & Kern, D. (2020). Cumulative mechanism of several major imatinib-resistant mutations in ABL kinase. PNAS. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from https://www.pnas.org/content/117/32/19221
Mansoori, B., Mohammadi, A., Davudian, S., Shirjang, S., & Baradaran, B. (2017). The Different Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance: A Brief Review. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 7(3), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.041
National Cancer Institute (NCI) (n.d.) Why Do Cancer Treatments Stop Working? Overcoming Treatment Resistance. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/drug-combo-resistance
Specific Toxicities for Selected Agents
Basak, D., Arrighi, S., Darwiche, Y., & Deb, S. (2021, December 29). Comparison of anticancer drug toxicities: Paradigm shift in adverse effect profile. MDPI. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.3390/life12010048