References


Introduction

Culpepper, W. J., Marrie, R. A., Langer-Gould, A., Wallin, M. T., Campbell, J. D., Nelson, L. M., et al. (2019). Validation of an algorithm for identifying MS cases in administrative health claims datasets. Neurology. 92 (10). (open access)

Haider, L., Chan, W. E., Olbert, E., Mangesius, S., Dal-Bianco, A., Leutmezer, F., Prayer, D., & Thurnher, M. (2019). Cranial Nerve Enhancement in Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated With Younger Age at Onset and More Severe Disease. Frontiers in neurology10, 1085. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01085

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Multiple sclerosis. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). (reviewed January 23, 2023) https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/multiple-sclerosis?search-term=MS+by+state#toc-who-is-more-likely-to-get-multiple-sclerosis-

Wallin, M. T., Culpepper, W. J., Campbell, J. D., Nelson, L. M., Langer-Gould, A., Marrie, R. A., et al. (2019). The prevalence of MS in the United States. Neurology. 92(10).

Wingerchuk, D.M. (2011). Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis: Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D, and cigarette smoking. Mt Sinai J Med. 78(2), 221-30.

Epidemiology

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Multiple sclerosis. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/multiple-sclerosis

Lunde HMB,  Assmus J, Myhr K, Bø L, Grytten N. (2017). Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 ;88(8):621-625.

Statista Research Department, & 22, S. (2022, September 22). Human development index - country ranking 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264630/countries-with-the-highest-human-development-index-ranking/

Wallin M T., Culpepper W.J., Campbell J.D., Nelson L.M., Langer-Gould A., Marrie R.A., Cutter G. R., Kaye W.E., Wagner L., Tremlett H., Buka S.L., Dilokthornsakul P., Topol B., Chen L.H., LaRocca, N.G. (2019) The prevalence of MS in the United States. Neurology Mar 2019, 92 (10).

Pathophysiology of MS

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Multiple sclerosis. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/multiple-sclerosis

Lunde HMB,  Assmus J, Myhr K, Bø L, Grytten N. (2017). Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 ;88(8):621-625.

Statista Research Department, & 22, S. (2022, September 22). Human development index - country ranking 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264630/countries-with-the-highest-human-development-index-ranking/

Wallin M T., Culpepper W.J., Campbell J.D., Nelson L.M., Langer-Gould A., Marrie R.A., Cutter G. R., Kaye W.E., Wagner L., Tremlett H., Buka S.L., Dilokthornsakul P., Topol B., Chen L.H., LaRocca, N.G. (2019) The prevalence of MS in the United States. Neurology Mar 2019, 92 (10).

The Clinical Course

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Multiple sclerosis. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/multiple-sclerosis

Lunde HMB,  Assmus J, Myhr K, Bø L, Grytten N. (2017). Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 ;88(8):621-625.

Statista Research Department, & 22, S. (2022, September 22). Human development index - country ranking 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264630/countries-with-the-highest-human-development-index-ranking/

Wallin M T., Culpepper W.J., Campbell J.D., Nelson L.M., Langer-Gould A., Marrie R.A., Cutter G. R., Kaye W.E., Wagner L., Tremlett H., Buka S.L., Dilokthornsakul P., Topol B., Chen L.H., LaRocca, N.G. (2019) The prevalence of MS in the United States. Neurology Mar 2019, 92 (10).

Diagnosis

Christopher Luzzio, M. (2023, June 30). Multiple sclerosis. Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-overview?form=fpf

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. (2017)  Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17: 162–173

Prognosis

National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2010). Nursing Home Care of Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Guidelines and Recommendations for Quality Care.

Palmer A.J., van der Mei I., Taylor B.V., Clarke P.M., Simpson S. Jr., Ahmad H. (2019) Multiple Sclerosis Journal. First Published February 26, 2019

Zurawski J., Glanz B., Chua A., Lokhande H., Rotstein D., Weiner H., Engler D., Chitnis T., Healy B.C .(2019) Time between expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 30:98-103

Treatment of Acute MS Exacerbation

Christopher Luzzio, M. (2023, June 30). Multiple sclerosis treatment & management. Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Management, Treatment of Acute Relapses. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-treatment?form=fpf#d9

Managing relapses. National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (n.d.). https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Managing-Relapses#section-0

Papathanasiou, A., Hibbert, A., Tallantyre, E., Harding, K., Selvam, A. P., Morgan, M., Quainton, C., Talaei, M., Arun, T., Ingram, G., Law, G. R., & Evangelou, N. (2023). Real-world annualized relapse rates from contemporary multiple sclerosis clinics in the UK: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 1–7. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-023-06838-1 

Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS). Multiple Sclerosis Society UK. (n.d.). https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/types-of-ms/relapsing-remitting-ms.

Disease Modifying Agents

Wexler M. (2023) ACTRIMS 2023: TG aims to make Briumvi accessible to patients https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/news-posts/2023/03/03/actrims-2023-tg-aims-briumvi-most-accessible-anti-cd20-therapy/

Adherence with Treatment Recommendations

Bebo, B., Cintina, I., LaRocca, N., Ritter, L., Talente, B., Hartung, D., Ngorsuraches, S., Wallin, M., & Yang, G. (2022). The Economic Burden of Multiple Sclerosis in the United States: Estimate of Direct and Indirect Costs. Neurology98(18), e1810–e1817. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200150

Callaghan B.C., Reynolds E., Banerjee M., Kerber K.A., Skolarus L.E., Magliocco B., Esper G.E., Burke J.F. (2019) Out-of-pocket costs are on the rise for commonly prescribed neurologic medications. Neurology. 2019; 92 (22)

Duquette P, Yeung M, Mouallif S, Nakhaipour HR, Haddad P, Schecter R (2019) A retrospective claims analysis: Compliance and discontinuation rates among Canadian patients with multiple sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapies. PLoS ONE 14(1)

Hartung D., Bourdette D., Ahmed S., Whitham R. (2015). The cost of multiple sclerosis drugs in the US and the pharmaceutical industry; Too big to fail? Neurology. 2015; 84 (21)

Lee J., McPherson D., D’Ambrosi M., Stutsky, M. (2019). Correlates and barriers to medication adherence in multiple sclerosis patients and their impact on clinical outcomes. Journal of Drug Assessment. Vol. 8, 2019

Mir T. H. (2023). Adherence Versus Compliance. HCA healthcare journal of medicine4(2), 219–220. https://doi.org/10.36518/2689-0216.1513

 

 

 

 

 

odifying Agents

 

 

 

 

 

Callaghan B.C., Reynolds E., Banerjee M., Kerber K.A., Skolarus L.E., Magliocco B., Esper G.E., Burke J.F. (2019) Out-of-pocket costs are on the rise for commonly prescribed neurologic medications. Neurology. 2019; 92 (22)

Compston, A & Coles, A. (2008). Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 372(9648), 1502-17.

Culpepper, W. J., Marrie, R. A., Langer-Gould, A., Wallin, M. T., Campbell, J. D., Nelson, L. M., et al. (2019). Validation of an algorithm for identifying MS cases in administrative health claims datasets. Neurology. 92 (10). (open access)

Duquette P, Yeung M, Mouallif S, Nakhaipour HR, Haddad P, Schecter R (2019) A retrospective claims analysis: Compliance and discontinuation rates among Canadian patients with multiple sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapies. PLoS ONE 14(1)

Hartung D., Bourdette D., Ahmed S., Whitham R. (2015). The cost of multiple sclerosis drugs in the US and the pharmaceutical industry; Too big to fail? Neurology. 2015; 84 (21)

healthline. 4 Possible Causes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Retrieved 11/9/2019. https://www.healthline.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/possible-causes

Lee J., McPherson D., D’Ambrosi M., Stutsky, M. (2019). Correlates and barriers to medication adherence in multiple sclerosis patients and their impact on clinical outcomes. Journal of Drug Assessment. Vol. 8, 2019

Lublin, F. D., Reingold, S. C., Cohen, J. A., Cutter, G. R., Sørensen, P. S., Thompson, A. J., … Polman, C. H. (2014). Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology, 83(3), 278–286.

Lunde HMB,  Assmus J, Myhr K, Bø L, Grytten N. (2017). Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: a 60-year longitudinal population study.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 ;88(8):621-625.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS 2019). Multiple Sclerosis Information Page. Retrieved 10/31/2019.
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Multiple-Sclerosis-Information-Page

National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) https://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Who-Gets-MS Retrieved 11/9/2019

National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2010). Nursing Home Care of Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Guidelines and Recommendations for Quality Care.

Nickerson M., Marrie R.A. (2013)  The multiple sclerosis relapse experience: patient-reported outcomes from the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) Registry. BMC Neurol. 2013; 13: 119.

Palmer A.J., van der Mei I., Taylor B.V., Clarke P.M., Simpson S. Jr., Ahmad H. (2019) Multiple Sclerosis Journal. First Published February 26, 2019

Popescu, B. F., Pirko, I., & Lucchinetti, C. F. (2013). Pathology of multiple sclerosis: where do we stand?. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis), 901–921

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. (2017) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17: 162–173

U.S. National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference (GHR 2019) Multiple Sclerosis: Inheritance Pattern. 
Retrieved 11/1/2019. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/multiple-sclerosis#inheritance

Wallin M T., Culpepper W.J., Campbell J.D., Nelson L.M., Langer-Gould A., Marrie R.A., Cutter G. R., Kaye W.E., Wagner L., Tremlett H., Buka S.L., Dilokthornsakul P., Topol B., Chen L.H., LaRocca, N.G. (2019) The prevalence of MS in the United States. Neurology Mar 2019, 92 (10).

Wingerchuk, D.M. (2011). Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis: Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D, and cigarette smoking. Mt Sinai J Med. 78(2), 221-30.

Zurawski J., Glanz B., Chua A., Lokhande H., Rotstein D., Weiner H., Engler D., Chitnis T., Healy B.C .(2019) Time between expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 30:98-103

 


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